Unless you’ve been plugged into the growing popularity of intermittent fasting for health, you probably haven’t heard the term autophagy (aw-TAH-fuh-jee).
What is Autophagy?
Autophagy is the process by which your body’s cells break down old, damaged, or unneeded material to reuse or discard, allowing the cells to work more efficiently. It’s a natural occurrence that happens most often while we sleep, but also gets triggered when cells are deprived of nutrients or oxygen.
It has become trendy in recent years through fasting, diet (such as the Ketogenic diet), and exercise to encourage autophagy for potential weight loss, health benefits, and to promote longevity.
However, medical professionals aren’t fully onboard in touting autophagy for wellness just yet because the research is still very new and inconclusive, and fasting to promote autophagy can be dangerous if it’s overdone.
That said, autophagy appears promising for its implications in slowing neurodegenerative health issues and promoting longevity.
Here’s what you need to know about autophagy and fasting.
The ABCs of Autophagy
All things, living or not, need to be maintained to operate properly. The cells in your body are no different – autophagy is fundamental to the function and survival of cells.
Miraculously, each cell in your body uses autophagy to do the following key tasks, critical to cellular health and function:
Take damaged cell parts and remake them into functioning parts
Efficiently discard nonfunctional cell parts that slow down performance
Destroy harmful pathogens that may cause damage, such as bacteria and viruses
Unfortunately, as with many important bodily processes, autophagy slows with age, causing buildup in cells and compromising their optimal function.
Researchers are currently examining if promoting autophagy in the body, with a biological trigger like fasting, might help to slow down aging and support healthy longevity.
So far, a preliminary invertebrate study indicated that promoting autophagy could be beneficial to longevity in mammals, but more research is needed.
How Autophagy Works
When autophagy is activated, autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) trigger structures called autophagosomes to form and carry the damaged cellular pieces to a part of the cell called the lysosome, which does the duty of digesting these pieces for either new use or energy.
This partial self-consumption is reflected in the word “autophagy,” which translates to “self-devouring” in Greek as “autos” means self and “phagomai” means to eat!
It’s a remarkable recycling system that helps cells to remain healthy and efficient.
What Activates Autophagy
Autophagy happens when your body’s cells are deprived of nutrients or oxygen, or if they’re damaged in some way. When your cells aren’t getting resources from an outside source, they turn to the inward cleansing-recycling process we know as autophagy.
And what’s the best way to deprive cells of nutrients?
Fasting.
While it’s different for each individual, animal studies indicate that autophagy can activate at some point during a 24 to 48 hour fast. More research is needed to determine what the ideal fasting time is to trigger the process.
Of course, there are other ways to bring on autophagy, including the following:
Restricting calories. Instead of eliminating calories completely (as with fasting), you can restrict them to force your cells into autophagy to compensate for the lost nutrients.
Adopting a Keto diet. High fat/low carb diets change the way your body burns energy. Instead of burning carbs or sugars for energy, it switches to fats – and this switch can trigger autophagy.
Exercise. Exercise can trigger autophagy, depending on the type and intensity.
Benefits of Autophagy
Animal studies show that when autophagy is induced in subjects, the lifespan is extended and health is improved during aging. However, it isn’t clear if these benefits extend to humans, but it’s thought that they do. Hence, the popularity of fasting.
Although there’s no evidence that autophagy increases weight loss, research suggests that it may have an effect on hunger-controlling hormones. Indirectly, the hormonal influence may contribute to weight loss as autophagy can decrease appetite.
Some research showed that autophagy activated by fasting resulted in healthier blood sugar and blood pressure levels.
Use Caution
Fasting, calorie restriction, adopting a rigorous exercise routine, or adopting a Keto diet may not be the best health strategies for some people, such as pregnant women or those with blood sugar issues.
It’s recommended that you talk to a healthcare professional before taking measures to trigger autophagy.
At BrainMD, we’re dedicated to providing the highest quality supplements to improve your physical health and overall well-being. For more information about our full list of brain healthy supplements, please visit us at BrainMD.
Meet Our Expert
Nicole Avena, PhD
Dr. Nicole Avena completed her PhD in Neuroscience and Psychology from Princeton University, followed by a postdoctoral training fellowship at The Rockefeller University in New York City. She is a research neuroscientist and expert in the fields of nutrition, diet and addiction, with a special focus on nutrition during early life and pregnancy, and women’s health. In addition to over 100 peer-reviewed scholarly publications, Dr. Avena has written several books, including What to Eat When You’re Pregnant, What to Feed Your Baby and Toddler and What to Eat When You Want to Get Pregnant.
Meet the Author
Kim Henderson
Kim Henderson has been writing about health, beauty, wellness and the environment for more than 15 years. She’s the author of the award-winning book 50 Simple Steps to Save the World’s Rainforests and the former editor of Healthy Living magazine. She earned her Bachelor of Arts in English from UCLA.
When you hear the word electrolytes, you probably think of salty sports drinks and sweaty workouts.
Or you think of popular electrolyte “sports” formulas with famous brand names and roughly 35 grams of sugar per bottle.
No, thank you.
True hydration — the kind your brain and body really need — involves more than just replacing lost sodium. It demands a smarter approach to hydration overall, one that fuels energy, focus, muscle recovery, and overall performance.
That’s where Smart Electrolytes comes in.
BrainMD's Smart Electrolytes
Unlike conventional electrolyte products that overload your system with salt, sugar or both, Smart Electrolytes delivers a balanced blend of essential electrolytes — potassium and magnesium — paired with brain- and body-supportive nutrients like B vitamins and Vitamin C.*
It’s hydration, upgraded: designed not just to quench thirst, but to optimize the way you feel and function.*
Let’s dive into what we really mean by the concept of “smarter hydration” — and why it’s about so much more than salt and water.
Hydration Is About Way More Than Water
Water is fundamental to life — but it can’t do the job alone.
Your brain, made up of nearly 75% water, relies on electrolytes to function properly. Electrolytes like potassium and magnesium regulate fluid balance, support nerve transmission, and enable muscle contractions. Without them, simply drinking water won’t fully rehydrate you — let alone fuel your body’s (or your brain’s) performance.
And it’s not just about quenching thirst.
The legendary sports nutritionist pioneer of the 80’s and 90’s, Dr. Michael Colgan, warned decades ago that even a small drop in body water is enough to sabotage physical performance—and that is well before thirst even kicks in.
He was right. Research now shows that even mild dehydration—we’re talking as low as a 2% loss in body water—can tank your performance, cutting into your endurance, strength, and even mental focus—without any warning. (1,2).
Dehydration can lead to brain fog, fatigue, poor mood, and even headaches. Prolonged dehydration has even been linked to cognitive impairment and reduced physical performance (3). Staying properly hydrated, with the right balance of fluids and electrolytes, is key to keeping both mind and body operating at peak levels.
What Traditional Electrolyte Formulas Miss
Most traditional electrolyte drinks focus narrowly on replenishing sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride. But here’s the thing: While these minerals are indeed important, many formulas wind up overloading the system with salt, which can cause bloating and water retention. Or — sometimes “and” — they add large amounts of sugar, leading to energy crashes later.
If you doubt me, read the labels.
Even more critically, a lot of electrolyte product designers overlook the bigger picture, which is hydration.
Allow me to offer a mantra which we would all do well to keep in mind: Hydration is about more than water.
See, proper hydration isn’t just about replacing sweat loss — it’s about supporting cellular function, energy metabolism, and mental performance.
And that’s where Smart Electrolytes stands apart.
What Makes Smart Electrolytes Different
Smart Electrolytes redefines what hydration can do by combining key electrolytes with brain- and body-supportive nutrients:
Balanced Electrolytes: Provides potassium and magnesium in amounts that support nerve function, muscle health, and optimal hydration — without excessive sodium (4).*
Brain-Supportive Nutrients: Includes B6, B12, niacin (B3), and Vitamin C — nutrients critical for energy production, mental clarity, and immune support (5, 6).*
Clean Formula: Zero sugar, no artificial colors or sweeteners, and keto-friendly — ideal for health-conscious individuals.*
This smarter combination helps ensure rapid hydration while fueling your brain and body for better performance, all without the common downsides of traditional sports drinks.*
How Smart Electrolytes Support Brain and Body
Potassium and Magnesium: These essential electrolytes maintain fluid balance, regulate muscle contractions, and support nerve transmission (4).* Potassium helps prevent cramping and supports cardiovascular function, while magnesium plays a critical role in muscle relaxation and brain health.* Magnesium is also involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, making it indispensable for overall metabolic health (7).*
B Vitamins: Niacin (B3), B6, and B12 are vital for converting food into usable energy.* They also support neurotransmitter synthesis, helping to promote mental clarity and reduce brain fog (6, 8).* B vitamins have even been shown to play a protective role against cognitive decline, making them essential for long-term brain health.*
Vitamin C: A powerful antioxidant, Vitamin C helps protect cells from oxidative stress, supports immune function, and may reduce inflammation — crucial benefits for anyone with an active lifestyle (9).* Additionally, Vitamin C contributes to collagen production, supporting joint and skin health, both of which are vital for athletes and active individuals.*
Together, these nutrients create a formula that addresses hydration at a deeper level, supporting the brain, body, and immune system — all without sugar crashes.*
So Why Are There Vitamins in an Electrolyte Formula?
At first glance, electrolytes and vitamins might seem like two different worlds — one focused on hydration, the other on general nutrition.
But here’s the connection: true hydration isn’t just about replacing water and minerals. It’s about optimizing the way your cells use that water.
B vitamins — like B3 (niacin), B6, and B12 — play a critical role in cellular energy production, supporting the mitochondria that power your cells.
Hydration and energy production are tightly linked; without adequate B vitamins, your cells can’t efficiently generate the energy needed for muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and recovery (6, 8).
Vitamin C, meanwhile, acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress that can be elevated during physical exertion and dehydration (9). It also supports collagen production for healthy joints and skin — critical for athletes and active individuals.
In short: hydration isn’t just about replacing what you sweat out — it’s about ensuring your body can “use” the hydration effectively.
Adding targeted vitamins amplifies the benefits of electrolytes, helping to fuel performance, recovery, and resilience from the inside out.
Hydration, Upgraded: Smarter Ingredients for Smarter Performance
Research shows that properly formulated hydration products improve fluid retention, exercise capacity, and reduce fatigue (3, 10).
Adding magnesium into the mix has also been associated with reduced muscle cramping and enhanced athletic performance (7).
Meanwhile, B vitamins and magnesium have been linked to improved cognitive performance and reduced stress in healthy adults (8, 11).
Emerging studies even suggest that maintaining optimal hydration can positively impact mood and cognitive function, particularly under physical or environmental stress (10).
Simply put, hydration isn’t just about replacing what you lose — it’s about giving your body and brain what they need to perform at their best.
With Smart Electrolytes, you get:
Faster rehydration and better muscle recovery*
Sustained mental clarity and reduced brain fog*
Immune system support without sugar spikes*
Enhanced metabolic support and better cardiovascular health*
All with a clean, sugar-free formula.
When to Use Smart Electrolytes
During Exercise: Replenish lost electrolytes and support recovery after workouts.*
Daily Hydration: Combat everyday dehydration and support brain performance — perfect for busy professionals, students, and travelers.*
Keto & Low-Carb Lifestyles: Stay hydrated without compromising your dietary goals — Smart Electrolytes has zero sugar and no artificial additives.*
High-Stress Situations: Hydration isn’t just for athletes. Stress increases your body’s demand for magnesium and B vitamins.* Smart Electrolytes helps replenish these vital nutrients keeping you sharp, alert, and on your game.*
The Bottom Line: Hydrate Smarter, Feel Better
Smart Electrolytes isn’t just an electrolyte drink — it’s a smarter way to hydrate.* By combining essential electrolytes with brain-boosting nutrients, it offers a more complete approach to hydration, energy, and recovery.*
Say goodbye to sugar crashes, bloating, and brain fog.*
Say hello to smarter hydration — and a better, brighter you.*
At BrainMD, we’re dedicated to providing the highest quality supplements to improve your physical health and overall well-being. For more information about Smart Electrolytes and our full list of brain healthy supplements, please visit us at BrainMD.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This content is for informational purposes only. It is not meant to substitute for medical or healthcare advice from a physician, nor is it intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Consult your healthcare provider before beginning a new health regimen.
References:
1. Cheuvront SN, Carter R III, Sawka MN. Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. *Curr Sports Med Rep*. 2003;2(4):202–208. doi:10.1249/00149619-200308000-00006.
2. Colgan M. *Optimum Sports Nutrition: Your Competitive Edge*. Advanced Research Press; 1993.
3. Orrù S, Imperlini E, Nigro E, et al. Role of Functional Beverages on Sport Performance and Recovery. *Nutrients*. 2018;10(10):1470. doi:10.3390/nu10101470. PMID: 30308976; PMCID: PMC6213308.
4. Choi D, Cho J, Koo J, Kim T. Effects of Electrolyte Supplements on Body Water Homeostasis and Exercise Performance during Exhaustive Exercise. *Applied Sciences*. 2021;11(9093). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199093.
5. Morris MS. The role of B vitamins in preventing and treating cognitive impairment and decline. *Adv Nutr*. 2012;3(6):801-812. doi:10.3945/an.112.002535. PMID: 23153734; PMCID: PMC3648704.
6. Noah L, Dye L, Bois De Fer B, et al. Effect of magnesium and vitamin B6 supplementation on mental health and quality of life in stressed healthy adults: Post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. *Stress Health*. 2021;37(5):1000-1009. doi:10.1002/smi.3051.
7. Moretti A. What is the role of magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps? A Cochrane Review summary with commentary. *J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact*. 2021;21(1):1-3. PMID: 33657750; PMCID: PMC8020016.
8. Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review. *Nutrients*. 2016;8(2):68. doi:10.3390/nu8020068.
9. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and Immune Function. *Nutrients*. 2017;9(11):1211. doi:10.3390/nu9111211. PMID: 29099763; PMCID: PMC5707683.
10. Adams JD, Karpinski A. Hydration status influences mood and cognitive function. *Biol Sport*. 2022;39(4):1047-1055. doi:10.5114/biolsport.2022.109234.
11. Smith AD, Refsum H. Homocysteine, B vitamins, and cognitive impairment. Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:211-239. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050947. PMID: 27296501.
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Autophagy is the process by which your body’s cells break down old, damaged, or unneeded material to reuse or discard, allowing the cells to work more efficiently. It’s a natural occurrence that happens most often while we sleep, but also gets triggered when cells are deprived of nutrients or oxygen.
